Author Archive

Calvin on the Sabbath

Remember the day of rest in order to sanctify it. Six days thou shalt work and in them do all thy work; the seventh, however, is the rest of the Lord thy God. On it thou shalt not do any work, neither thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, nor thy manservant, nor thy maid, nor thy animals, nor the foreigner who is within thy doors. For, in six days God made the heavens, the earth and all the things that are within them, and on the seventh day he rested: hence he blessed the day of rest and has sanctified it.

We see that there were three reason for giving this commandment: First, with the seventh day of rest the Lord wished to give to the people of Israel an image of spiritual rest, whereby believers must cease from their own works in order to let the Lord work in them. Secondly, he wished that there be an established day in which believers might assemble in order to hear his Law and worship him. Thirdly, he willed that one day of rest be granted to servants and to those who live under the power of others so that they might have a relaxation from their labor. The latter, however, is rather an inferred than a principle reason.

As to the first reason, there is no doubt that it ceased in Christ; because he is the truth by the presence of which all images vanish. He is the reality at whose advent all shadows are abandoned. Hence St. Paul (Col 2:17) affirms that the sabbath has been a shadow of reality yet to be. And he declares elsewhere its truth when in the letter to the Romans, ch. 6:8, he teaches us that we are buried with Christ in order that by his death we may die to the corruption of the flesh. And this is not done in one day, but during all the course of our life, until altogether dead in our own selves, we may be filled with the life of God. Hence, superstitious observance of days must remain far from Christians.

The two last reasons, however, must not be numbered among the shadows of the old. Rather, they are equally valid for all ages. Hence, though the sabbath is abrogated, it so happens among us that we still convene on certain days in order to hear the word of God, to break the [mystic] bread of the Supper, and to offer public prayers; and, moreover, in order that some relaxation from their toil be given to servants and workingmen. As our human weakness does not allow such assemblies to meet every day, the day observed by the Jews has been taken away (as a good device for eliminating superstition) and another day has been destined to this use. This was necessary for securing and maintaining order and peace in the Church.

As the truth therefore was given to the Jews under a figure, so to us on the contrary truth is shown without shadows in order, first of all, that we mediate all our life on a perpetual sabbath from our works so that the Lord may operate in us by his spirit; secondly, in order that we observe the legitimate order of the Church for listening to the word of God, for administering the sacraments, and for public prayers; thirdly in order that we do not oppress inhumanly with work those who are subject to us. – Calvin, Instruction in Faith (1537), 31-32

A Question Dear Readers (Both of You)

So I want to get published. I have a few books kicking around my brain and you folks are familiar with my writing. Very few people submit the very first thing they’ve ever written to a publishing company and get it published, having never had anything published before that. So I’ve decided to start on my writing resume by getting some magazine articles published. Right now I’m working on one for my denominational magazine, EFCA Today.

So what other magazines should I consider submitting material to? I’m a bit gunshy of journals, I think I lack the academic chops for JETS or something. Please use the comments to suggest other places I might be able to write for. Thanks in advance.

Piper on Leadership

CJ Mahaney interviewed John Piper. The interview is brief but an interesting read. I loved this answer:

What single bit of counsel has made the most significant difference in your leadership?

Lead by helping people see the same truth in the Bible you do so that commonly perceived truth is the fabric that binds together. When truth is not the bond, power moves are inevitable.

Feb 09 Reading Report

Read last month:

Don’t Stop Believing: Why Living Like Jesus Is Not Enough, Michael Wittmer -What an enjoyable book this was! Wittmer writes like I hope I will. He covered topics that postmodern innovators (his name for Emergent folks) question or deny. The only chapter I didn’t like was the one on hell but other than that, it was pretty good. I’m just not sure how I would ever use this book. Perhaps if I had some friends flirting with the Emergent church or something. Still, I enjoyed it. Might have to read Wittmer’s other book Heaven is a Place on Earth.

Ongoing reading:

Getting Things Done, David Allen – I didn’t really finish this and I’m not sure I ever will. I’m going very slowly and am implementing as I go. This will obviously be an on going project. Great stuff and I very strongly recommend this book!

The Drama of Scripture: Finding Our Place in the Biblical Story, Craig Bartholomew & Michael Goheen – Still working through it for the Sunday school class. Going slowly through this as well.

Didn’t get to but will be this month:

Leading With a Limp, Dan Allender – Already started this one and it is good so far. There is some repetition in it but it seems like it will be worth reading.

Starting this month:

Instruction in Faith, John Calvin – It’s Calvin’s 500th birthday this year and I’m not going to read the Institutes. Dr. Tiénou quoted part of it during a sermon a few weeks ago and I ordered it two days later.

A Sabbath Life

This weekend I heard part of a This American Life episode. I think it was about competitions or something. The segment I heard was from a Jewish guy telling about a “Blessing Bee” he was in when he attended an Orthodox Jewish school. What was fascinating to me was to hear him talk about the Sabbath at his house. I don’t remember all the details but I remember him repeating a few times that his father would get drunk and sing Sabbath songs. He also detailed what the Rabbis had determined was appropriate to do on the Sabbath. You couldn’t turn on a light because the filament got hot and that was kindling a fire and that was work. The list of do’s and don’t’s went on from there.

When I was first introduced to Reformed Christianity, one of the issues I had to wrestle with was the Sabbath. The Reformed hermeneutic is that if a command is not repealed, it is still binding. The Ten Commandments are viewed as the moral law that is written on everyone’s heart and is applicable to Christians today. Including the Sabbath. But the Sabbath comes to us not from Moses but through Christ and so it isn’t the Jewish Saturday Sabbath but a celebration of the Resurrection of Jesus on Sunday. We also call it “the Lord’s day.” The question I had to wrestle with was what the Sabbath looks like in the New Covenant. As I discussed it with other Reformed Christians, there were a variety of opinions on it.

What the two paragraphs above have in common is their focus on what we can and cannot do on the Sabbath. In this post, I’m not going to defend the perpetuity of the Sabbath. What I want to look at is more of the Bible passages that speaks to the Sabbath than just what work we may or may not do on it. It is surprising study.

Six days you shall do your work, but on the seventh day you shall rest; that your ox and your donkey may have rest, and the son of your servant woman, and the alien, may be refreshed. – Exodus 23:12

We could easily do what many others (myself included) have done and focus so strongly on the first half of this verse, trying to decide what constitutes “work” and “rest” (can I play flag football or run on the Sabbath?), that we forget the last half.  Notice who also is to be refreshed by our ceasing from labor; the son of the servant woman and the alien. Essentially, the “least of these.” It isn’t entirely about you. Yes, you rest, but you don’t do nothing, you do justice. Think I’m reading too much into this? Consider Isaiah:

Thus says the Lord:
“Keep justice, and do righteousness,
for soon my salvation will come,
and my deliverance be revealed.
Blessed is the man who does this,
and the son of man who holds it fast,
who keeps the Sabbath, not profaning it,
and keeps his hand from doing any evil.” – Isaiah 56:1-2

Did you notice what is said about keeping the Sabbath? “Blessed is the man who does this…who keeps the Sabbath…[keeping] his hand from doing any evil.” And don’t abandon the context when you read this either. We can focus on ‘righteousness’ and think about obeying the law and then we’re back in the rut of “can I cook on the Sabbath?”. That’s not an unworthy question but what about the first thing commanded “keep justice”? That isn’t about watching football rather than taking a nap, it is about caring for the poor and needy. It is about defending the widow and the orphan. That is part of Sabbath keeping too. Go and read the rest of that chapter and you’ll see what I’m talking about.

Or consider the context of Isaiah 58’s injunction to “call the Sabbath a delight.” Right before it true fasting is tied to abandoning wickedness and letting the oppressed go free. In the next chapter God chides Israel for their evil and bloodshed. The Sabbath is not only what we can and cannot do on Sunday, it is about a life lived resting in God and not performing evil. We cannot go about abusing or ignoring the needs of the poor on six days and then rest on Sunday and think we’re pleasing Jesus. A “Sabbath life” includes refreshing the servant and alien as well as our own resting.

This is why Jesus had such little tolerance for the Pharisees and their quibbles about the Sabbath.  In Matthew 12 he shows how disinterested he was in whether it was ‘work’ to heal on the Sabbath. Healing the poor man was what it was all about! It wasn’t Jesus showing that he could ignore the Sabbath or that he was on the spot rewriting the rules. He was fulfilling the Sabbath by doing what the Sabbath called for: mercy to the poor.

That doesn’t mean that we should go work in a soup kitchen every Sunday, but I think it does mean that if we are concerned for the Sabbath, we should be concerned for the poor, that they may be refreshed as well.

G-d

Pay attention to all that I have said to you, and make no mention of the names of other gods, nor let it be heard on your lips. – Exodus 23:13

It has long bothered me when someone types “G-d” for “God”. I never say anything because it is an attempt to honor the Third Commandment. As minor as that attempt is, it can still be an honorable attempt.

When I read the above quote from Exodus this morning it struck me that we should actually be typing things like “S-tan” or “All-h” instead! God wants us to honor his name, not avoid it. That involves much more than not employing it as a interjection or curse, it means honoring all of who he is. It is a call to not bring shame to his name by applying it to ourselves and then acting contrary to who he is and how he calls us to live. That is my harder than replacing vowels with hyphens.

But other gods? Their names are not even to be upon our lips! Those are the names to avoid. They are the ones we are to struggle to not be associated with. Maybe we should type “m-terialism” or “s-x” or “y-uth” instead.

Okay, all that said, what was Moses actually commanding here? Obviously God wasn’t prohibiting his people from ever naming the name of Baal, he put that name on the lips of his prophets. Also, there were cities named, for example, Baal-Zephon. The bad god’s name was right there! No, what God was commanding was not the prohibition of names, as if they had power in an of themselves, instead he didn’t want those names to be found amongst his people routinely. In other words, his people are not to flirt with other gods and incorporate their names into their vocabulary. As we speak, so we think.

That Ole Family Tree

Hamas shot rockets into Israel from Gaza. Israel didn’t take it sitting down and returned the favor by dropping bombs on Gaza. In between these two, innocent civilians have taken the pounding. Evangelical Christians are either defending or condemning Israel. The condemnation of Israel is pretty straight forward. Their treatment of the Palestinians has been horrible. Civilians have been cut off from their homes and families as well as injured and killed by the heavy-handed response. Evangelical Christians defense of Israel’s actions affirm Israel’s right to exist as a nation and though I haven’t read it myself, I suppose there is some justification for their action based on the conquest of the Promised Land in the book of Joshua in the Bible. This, it is believed, is Israel’s land and they have a right to take it and rule it. Theologically, the debate is complex and rests more on hermeneutics than simply politics.

These are the generations of Ishmael, Abraham’s son, whom Hagar the Egyptian, Sarah’s servant, bore to Abraham…They settled from Havilah to Shur, which is opposite Egypt in the direction of Assyria. – Genesis 25:12, 18Aside from the current events aspect, I bring this up because I found myself reflecting on it when I was reading through Genesis this week. Yea, I know, reflecting on modern Israel by reading Genesis and not Revelation? What kind of Evangelical am I? Well, I’ll let my readers answer that question and instead will dig into the insight from Genesis.

There is a pattern with the patriarchs that you’ll notice as you read through the life of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. There are divisions. Abraham had Ishmael and apparently cared for the boy. When God said that the blessing would not go to Ishmael but to Isaac, Abraham pleaded from Ishmael and God explained how the boy would be blessed because of Abraham. Isaac had Esau and Jacob and again God picked the wrong son and chose to bless Jacob before either was born. It didn’t help that Esau despised his birthright but that’s another discussion.

One of the things you’ll notice as you read through Genesis is that Moses doesn’t just drop Ishmael (for example) once he’s out of the story, Moses takes the time to explain Ishmael’s descendants. He wants Israel to understand the nations that surround the Promised Land that they will enter. He takes pains to explain who is and who is not a relative. Sure, they will be separated by hundreds of years but it is still true that the Edomites are the descendants of Esau, their patriarch’s brother.

Why? Why bother? Paper (well, whatever the Pentateuch was originally written on anyway) was not cheap in those days. Why spend the time writing this stuff? Because it mattered, that’s why. Yes, God would send his people in to the Promised Land and would command the execution of the Canaanites at their hands. But it wasn’t indiscriminate slaughter. It had a purpose. Israel would remain in Egypt for four hundred years “because the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet complete” (Gen 15:16). 1Notice that God didn’t judge the Amorites without waiting the their sin had reached its full measure. He gave them 400 years to knock it off. He had appointed a certain amount that he would tolerate and then the judgment would come. When Israel came into the Promised Land and killed the inhabitants it was to be a judgment upon a certain people. Israel was not allowed to then declare war on the Edomites, they were their relatives. Moses reminded them of this fact so that when they arrive in the Promised Land they will deal harshly with those whom God was judging and would deal kindly with the rest. If Edom attacked, Israel should remember that they would be waring against their relatives.

I think this is something that we should remember beyond just the conquest of Canaan. Go back a little further and you get to Noah and his three sons. Their off spring spread across the face of the globe in Genesis 10, the Table of the Nations. But they started out from three sons on a boat with a lot of animals. Go back to the beginning and we see that we all come from a common mother and father in Adam and Eve. We all, Israeli, Syrian, Palestinian, American, Egyptian, Asian, whatever, we all are descended from Adam and Eve and therefore bear the imago Dei, the image of God. Let’s remember our relatives and treat them as such. That lands not just in Israel’s and Hamas’ laps but in America’s also when we consider how we’ve treated (and may still be treating) Iraqi prisoners and “unlawful combatants” in Guantanamo. Moses took the time to remind Israel in his day that they were related to those around them. We should take the time to remember the same thing.

↩1 Notice that God didn’t judge the Amorites without waiting the their sin had reached its full measure. He gave them 400 years to knock it off. He had appointed a certain amount that he would tolerate and then the judgment would come.

Making Bricks

In my vain imaginings, I picture Moses writing Genesis, the beginning of his writings, just after the golden calf incident in Exodus 32. Israel built an image of their ‘god’, but it wasn’t the right God. What they needed at that point was a theology lesson. They needed to know who their God was and where they’d come from. Their God wasn’t anything like the gods of Egypt (where just they’d spent their entire lives) and he wasn’t anything like the gods of Canaan (where they were headed). They also needed to understand why God brought them out of Egypt and was leading them to Canaan. That meant that they needed to understand Abraham. They needed this theology lesson in a pure form, not mixed with the Egyptian or Canaanite myths. So under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, Moses began to write.

I have really no way of proving this time line, it is theory and conjecture. It could have been that Moses wrote Genesis long after Mount Sinai or even before it. This just seems right to me. A clues that I might be on to something is the story of Babel in Genesis  11. Moses rushes pretty quickly from creation to Abraham so all of the stories and genealogies in the first 11 chapters of Genesis are important. They are the things Moses slows down enough to tell us so we should pay attention. With Babel, Moses is explaining how the nations came to have different languages and how they wound up where they were. Right in the middle of that is the building of the tower. They’re building it out of pride and arrogance; they’re refusing God’s instruction to Noah to go and repopulate the earth. Instead they’re going to stop and build a city to their own greatness.

In other words, the story of Babel is about rebellion against God.  And one of the things that humanity decides to do together is make bricks. “Come, let us make bricks, and burn them thoroughly.” (Gen. 11:3) So? What’s the big deal? Well, making bricks is what Israel had been forced to do in Egypt as slaves (Ex. 5). The Pharaohs wanted to “make a name for ourselves” but they’re going to do it on the backs of the Hebrews who were celebrated when they arrived in Egypt 400 years earlier. Just as God came down and knocked over the tower at Babel and confused their languages, so he came down and judged the Egyptians and their gods and drowned the lot in the Red Sea.

Am I getting too much out of that? Perhaps, heavens knows I’ve done that kind of thing before. This isn’t a concept I’m willing to fight to defend but I do have to note that though Moses is pressing pretty quickly to get to Abraham, oddly enough he mentions the bricks twice:

And they said to one another, “Come, let us make bricks, and burn them thoroughly.” And they had brick for stone, and bitumen for mortar.

Genesis 11:3

The fact that Moses repeats it, I think, is significant. In Hebrew, the word is there three times.1The two explicit mentions and the verb “to make” is built on the same root. It catches your attention. Especially if Moses is writing soon after the departure from Egypt.

The real question is how this affects us. Or is the significance of this text stranded in the Ancient Near East? No, I think there is a lesson here. What comes to mind first is a warning against pride. God didn’t tolerate it at Babel, he didn’t tolerate it in Egypt, he didn’t tolerate it in Alexander the Great or Rome, he certainly won’t tolerate it in America or China or Brazil. The sting of the message for our country is even sharper since we built our economic greatness on the back of black African slaves. You can see why the exodus is such a powerful Biblical metaphor in Black Liberation Theology.

Another lesson I think this teaches us is to remember our place in the story. Deliverance from oppression for God’s people is something he has repeatedly done and there is no reason to think he will stop. As the church is oppressed either by governments who exceed their proper roles or by the sin that so easily entangles, God is jealous to deliver. Jesus has conquered these things and will one day to judge them and rule over them, shattering them with an iron rod.

So whether we’re making bricks for our own greatness or if we’re being forced to make them to show someone else’s greatness, God is not impressed and will not sit idly by.

↩1 The two explicit mentions and the verb “to make” is built on the same root.

Jan 09 Reading Report

Getting Things Done, David Allen – I want to be more productive. I think I’m pretty much on top of it, but feel like that could turn if I get one more thing added. This should help.

Don’t Stop Believing: Why Living Like Jesus Is Not Enough, Michael Wittmer – Got it for Christmas (thanks Becky!) and Wittmer says a lot of things I’ve been thinking about for a while. Hopefully it will motivate me to do something about them!

The Drama of Scripture: Finding Our Place in the Biblical Story, Craig Bartholomew & Michael Goheen – Preparing for a Sunday school class in the spring. I like the introduction of the book, we’ll see how the rest of it goes. Good so far.

Leading With a Limp, Dan Allender – I love the subtitle of this “Taking full advantage of your greatest weakness.” Not enough of that kind of thought in books on Christian leadership. We’ll get to this later in the month.

Solomon’s Leadership Secret Epilog

Though used in a different context, I thought these words from G. K. Chesterton’s Orthodoxy expanded on what I was saying earlier:

Actors who can’t act believe in themselves; and debtors who won’t pay. It would be much truer to say that a man will certainly fail, because he believes in himself. Complete self-confidence is not merely a sin; complete self-confidence is a weakness. Believing utterly in one’s self is a hysterical and superstitious belief like believing in Joanna Southcote: the man who has it has ‘Hanwell‘ written on his face as plain as it is written on that omnibus.